Contoh-contoh teks report II
1).
Earthworms
An
earthworm digs a hole by pushing into the loose soil with its pointed head end
which then thickens, forcing the soil apart. Slowly but surely, the worm draws
the rest of its body up to disappear into the hole. The earthworm can do this
because its body has many narrow rings joined together by a softer material
that enables it to change shape. Whenever the soil is too hard to be pushed
aside, the earthworm eats its way through.
By
burrowing into the soil, the earthworm creates channels and pockets into which
air can enter. This allows the soil to become oxygenated so that plant roots
can breathe. In this way, earthworms act as gardeners and cultivators of the
soil.
2).
Leeches
Leeches
are slimy worms with two suckers, a big one at the rear end and a smaller one
et the mouth. They also have powerful muscles which enable them to expand and
contract their bodies.
Most
leeches live off the blood of other creatures. A leech attaches itself to its
victim by piercing its skin and secretes a substance which prevents the blood
from clotting. Then it sucks up the blood. As it sucks, it expands so many
times its normal size. Once a leech attaches itself to its victim, it is very
difficult to remove. However, if you put salt on it, it soon falls off and
dies.
Many
years ago, people believed that some diseases were caused because a patient had
too much blood in his/her body. Doctors would then attach leeches on to the
patient. Some leeches, in fact, were specially bred for this purpose.
3).
Sharks
Sharks
are a type of fish that lives in yhr sea. Sharks have lived on esrth for almost
400 million years. Today, there are about 375 kinds of sharks. The smallest is
the dwarf dogfish whih is less than 8 inches (20 centimeters) long. The huge
whale shark can be more than 50 feet (15 meters) long.
Sharks,
like all fish, are vertebrates (animals with a backbone). A shark’s skeleton,
however, is not made of bone. It is made of a bendable material called
cartilage. Sharks, like other fish, are cold-blodded. They do not make their
own body heat.
Sharks
live in seas all over the world. Most aharks live in warm water. However,
sharks have been spotted near the North and South Pole. Sharks live in salt
water, but some can live for a while in fresh water. Bull sharks, for example,
can swim up the Mississippi river. Some kinds of sharks live in shallow water
along coastlines. Other sharks live far out in the open ocean. A few species
live deep down in the sea.
Most sharks have powerful jaws and raws of
sharp, triangular teeth. They use their teeth and jaws to crush their prey or
tear out pieces of flesh. Your teeth are anchored in your jaw. A shark’s teeth
are set into its gums. Sharks often lose teeth while eating. However, there are
always rows of new teeth growing behind the first set. As a shark loses teeth,
new ones move forward to replace them.
Fish,
along with shellfish, is the favourite food of most meateating sharks. Great
white sharks will sometimes eat larger sea creatures such as seals, dolphins,
whales, and other marine mammals.
Sharks play an important role in keeping
ecosystems in balance. Sharks often eat weak or diseased animals. Biologists
fear that without sharks, the nnumber of other animals in the sea would quickly
grow out of control and eat all the food. It might take many years to restore
the delicate baance that sharks help maintain.
4).
Trains
A
train is made up of railroad cars hooked and pulled by a locomotive.
Locomotives are sometimes called engine. All trains run on tracks. Freight
trains haul goods. Passenger trrains carry people.
Locomotives
push or pill railroad cars. They have powerful motors. The motors turn
locomotive wheels that run on railroad tracks. Some locomotives get their power
from electricity. The electricity comes from wire above the track or from a
special third rail next to the track. Other locomotives get their power from
diesel fuel, which is similar to the gasoline that most cars use. The kind of
locomotive engines most used today are diesel-electrics. Engines that burn
diesel fuel drive generators that make electricity. Powerful electric motors
turn the wheels of a diesel-electric locomotive.
A
freight car is part of a train which carries goods. A freught train can have as
many as 200 cars hooked together. There are special railroad cars for different
kinds of freight.
The
boxcar has four sides, a floor, and a root. It looks like a box on wheels.
Boxcars carry freight that has to be kept clean and dry such as radios,
television sets, and boxes of cereal.
Refrigerator
cars work like your home refrigerator. They are boxcars that are cold inside.
Refrigerator cars carry meat, fruit, frozen dinner, and other food that must be
kept cold.
The
hopper car is open on the top. Hopper cars carry coal, sand, gravel, and ore
(rocks that contain metals). Hopper cars are easy to unload because they have
doors on the bottom. The doors open and the coal, sand, or gravel pours out.
A
flatcar has no top or sides. It has a floor on wheels. Flat cars carry lumber,
steel beams, huge pieces of machinery, and other big items. Lifting machines
called cranes load cargo onto flat cars. Special flatcars carry cars, boats,
and trucks.
A
tank car carries liquids or gases in a big, round tank that is lying on its
side. Tank cars can carry milk, gasoline, or oil. Some tank cars carry
dangerous chemicals.
Passenger
cars have seats in rows along each side. Some passener cars are made for long
trips. They have seats that can be made into beds at night. Trains that carry
passengers over long distances have special baggage cars ti carry suitcases.
They have dining cars where people can sit down and eat.
Trains
are very important to transportation. Traens take freight and people to places
all over the world.
5).
Milk
Milk
is produced by female animals and women for feeding their babies.
Women
produce milk for their babies, cows produce mil for their calves, mares for
their foals, and so on. In fact, the young of mammals are fed solely on milk
from birth – human babies up to three or four months old. Young mammals
continue to feed on milk, even when they are introduced to solid food.
Milk
provides the primari source of nutrition for newborn babies before they are
able to digest soid food. It contains protein, ft, lactose and calcium as well
as vitamins.